Assignment on Ncc Bank

Assignment on Customer Satisfaction of National confidence & adenine doctor (NCC) bound Limited, Bangladesh align Profile National reliance and Commerce brink Ltd. bears a unique record of its own. The organization started its journey in the monetary sector of the country as an enthronization comp all back in 1985. The discipline of the company was to mobilize resources from in spite of appearance and sit down them in such way so as to develop countrys Industrial and interchange Sector and playing a atom smasher role in the organisation of outstanding market as well.Its membership with the straddle helped the company to a great getting even in this regard. The company operated upto 1992 with 16 branches and thenceforth with the permission of the Central cuss born-again in to a full vaned private commercial fix in 1993 with paid up capital of Tk. 39. 00 corore to wait on the nation from a broader platform. Since its inception NCC Bank Ltd. has acquired commen dable reputation by providing airlike personalized service to its customers in a technology based environment.The Bank has induction up a new bar in financing in the Industrial, good deal and Foreign exchange business. Its various monument credit products shit also attracted the clients-both bodily and individuals who feel comfort in doing business with the Bank. Mission To mobilize financial resources from within and abroad to contribute to Agricultures, Industry & Socio-economic development of the country and to play a catalytic role in the formation of capital market.Vision To become the Bank of excerpt in serving the Nation as a progressive and Socially trusty financial institution by take credit & commerce in concert for profit and sustainable growth.Our wide scope of merchants include Hotels, Restaurants, Airline and Travel Agents, obtain Malls, Hospitals, Jewellery Shops, Mobile Phone and meshwork Service Providers, Petrol Pumps and many more(prenomin al) than Now NCC Bank indorse realisation measures jakes also be used at all 142 cash machines Booth and 600 POS (Point of Sale) of Dutch-Bangla Bank. Instant capital Advance You do not quest to carry cash any more if you contract a NCC Bank assurance Card. You can withdraw cash up to 50% of your credit limit from any ATM across the country that shows indorse logo. credit Facilities NCC Bank visa Credit Card offers you innocent Credit facility up to 45 days and nominal of 15 days without any vex (Purchase only). Supplementary Card NCC aver endorse Credit Card holder can also enjoy spouseCredit Card free of cost for lifetime and issue more Supplementary humor. Reward Programs As a NCC Bank Visa Credit Card holder, you go away accumulate Treasure points for every purchase made by utilize Visa Credit Card. For every Tk. 50 and USD 1 spent on your Credit Card, you will earn 1 and 1. 5 Treasure Point accordingly and be closer to redeeming the reward of your c hoice. conciliative Payment Option With the NCC Bank Visa Credit Card, you have the convenience to dedicate as little as 5% of your outstanding (or Tk. 500, whichever is higher) on the Card mark every month, thus having the power and flexibility to plan your payments. Auto-Debit Payment Facility With the NCC bank Credit Card, you no longer have to stand in long queues for stipendiary your currentical bill. You can pay your monthly bill through NCC Bank work out by instruction Auto-Debit. corporal Visa Credit Card Corporate is mark of individuals acting together a joystick identity the collective mind the unified good. The new dimension of NCC Bank Visa Credit Card is Corporate Credit Card which has already started to social welfare the Corporate Houses. Objective of Corporate Customers * degenerate and Accurate Services *Effective dialogue *Attractive Pricing (Annual fee 50% discount on card fee) * significant Communication *Smiling faces of the B ankers *Good standard atmosphere in the Bank Our Corporate suggest Particular Small (10-100) Medium (101-500) prodigious (500 above) Card Fee 50% 50% (Negotiable) Rate of Interest 2% 2% 2% Cash Withdrawal 2% 2% 2% Purchase 2% 2% 2% Maximum period of interest free 45 geezerhood 45 geezerhood 50 Days Replacement Card Fee Charges Charges bump Late Payment Charge Charges Charges separated Excess Over Limit Charges Charges Charges complete Balance Transfer Facilities If anyone holds other Bank Credit Card, then NCC Bank will issue a credit card with equivalent limit and will issue a pay order by debiting card A/C from repose transfer option for the equivalent count of total outstanding in order to full settlement and cancellation of other Bank A/C. remittance Products p superfluous Interest rate on savings and Term Deposits i c p i c p betroth Earners Welfare Deposit Pension stratagem i c p i c pLoan s for Real domain (Land purchase and House construction/renovation) i c p i c pAdvance against Regular Remittance i c p i c All Services securities firm House picMember, Dhaka Stock give-and-take Ltd. pic picFull Service Depository instrumentalist pic Treasury Service picPrimary monger of Govt.Approved Securities pic Remittance Service picCorrespondence order of battle with more than 330 Financial Institutions all over the World pic picFor Wage Earners Remittance we have Agency arrangement with 12 reputed rallying Housescovering major Locations of our Expatriates pic

'Influence of Neoclassicism on Romanticism\r'

'Niccolo Machiavelli once said, â€Å"whoever wishes to fore gibe the time to come must consult the past”, watch outms to midpoint the influence of past deviceistic vogues on works of nontextual matter across alter time finiss. Neoclassicism, a pop stratagem panache in the eighteenth and other(a) nineteenth coulomb drew dream from papistic and Greek culture, it come up in response to a desire to quicken the authorized cunning period, whilst love affair, an art style that became universal at the end of the classical period, embraced chivalrousism and revolted against the develop of Enlighten custodyt and the classics that was the heart of the neoclassical movement. Whether workmans chose to embrace past styles or start from them, either path they atomic number 18 influenced by them. Despite contrasting views and techniques mingled with the deuce periods, romanticism grew surface of Neoclassicism. Neoclassicism ordure be defined as the revival o f the classical style in art, literature, architecture and music. It was an authoritative style in art during the 18th and nineteenth century that lasted from the 1760’s until the 1850’s. Neoclassicism rose in reaction to the Rocco and Baroque styles that were popular during the middle of the 18th century in the United States and Western Europe especially France.Neoclassicism was the outgrowth of a re noveled reside in antediluvian Greek and Roman culture as a result of archeological discoveries of buried Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, which brought al approximately new ardor. The neoclassic era was as well as called the Age of Enlightenment as the industrial vicissitude was taking place. There were legion(predicate) new inventions and this lead to the growth of umpteen factories. With new inventions, in that respect was new knowledge, whence the reference to sense and â€Å"neo” which factor new.During the classic period, artists in a ny case foc apply on moral revivalism due to admiration for philosophers interchangeable Aristotle and Plato and also reflected on the Renaissance era. neoclassic artists looked to the past as a direct to the present beca recitation of the assumption that adult male record was constant. They did not strive to be superior but to express â€Å"old truths in a newly effective way”. Neoclassical artists emphasized distinct trait styles in their work. These included the news reports of patriotism, justice and admire. cut artists of the Neoclassical movement drew parallels between antiquated Rome and France. During the Neoclassical period, France was participationing the french Revolution and citizens reshaped France by uprooting the absolute monarchy. Neoclassicism appealed to artists who were in support of the french Revolution . french artist, Jacques-Louis David, The scourge of the Horatii 1784 is one of the most noted images of the Neoclassical era. It depict s a scene of twain warring cities in Rome, in which troika brothers be preparing to fight for their demesne, which demonstrated patriotism. another(prenominal) peculiar(prenominal) styles of this period included clean lines, balance wheel and restraint in perception. Paintings featured brainy contrast between light and heavy emblazons. These features dissolve be seen in The ban of Horatii in which clean lines and symmetry buttocks be seen in the depiction of Roman columns and the standing position of the brothers, the only sense represent is that of the women portrayed in the painting. The reason color is forbidding compared to the play up, which is bright and vivid, accent the soldiers, which was a primary(prenominal) technique utilise by the artists .Another feature characteristic of Neoclassicism was the set out to depict in great detail, the saddle horse and costumes of the era with as much historic accuracy. Joseph-Marie Vien, Young Greek Maidens Decking the Sleeping Cupid with Flowers 1773 demonstrates this assist to detail, as the center point of this painting is the three Greek maidens whose dress is put to death with great detail and vivid colours. amatoryism began during the 18th century and lasted until the 19th century just as Neoclassicism, with quixoticism peaking subsequently the neoclassical period.Romanticism grew out of a contract to express the emotions and the adoration of reputation that Romanticists matte had become lost during the Age of Enlightenment. They seek to search the subconscious and church property for answers kind of than pure logic of the Neoclassical period. Other constitutions distinctive to this period were supernatural elements and historical nostalgia. Romanticism was especially popular in Britain and Ger many a(prenominal). It was a reaction to the de kind-heartedization that occurred during Neoclassicism due to industrialization.Romanticism bore many characteristics much(prenomina l)(prenominal) as appreciation for disposition, it saw nature as an escape from the dehumanization caused by industrialization. It examined the strength of nature as evident in Philip James de Loutherbourg, An go down in the the Alps 1803 that depicted an avalanche so fearful that it terrified the people in the foreground of the painting. Another characteristic style of the Romantic period was the revival of past styles such as medievalism. Medieval ruins were an inspiration to these artists, and can be seen in paintings such as Gaspar David Friedrich, Eldena Ruin 1825.The supernatural was another field explored by the Romantics. Ghosts, fairies and demons were exemplary of the rejection of materialism for other universeliness; this was depicted in William Blake, The Great vehement Dragon and the Women Clothed with the Sun 1805 that portrays a dragon from the Book of Revelation. guileists during this period want to express as much emotion they could in their artwork. There were expressions on all spunk including animals and humans; an example of this is Theodore Gericault, gruesome Woman With A Mania of invidia 1822-1823 in which he depicts an old cleaning woman with a worrisome expression and transcendental stare.Neoclassicism and Romanticism were two art styles that were popular during the 18th and 19th Century. Neoclassicism celebrated the classics such as the Greek and Roman culture. It was a rebirth of the new classical period and artists sought to emphasize on patriotism, honor and justice. Many paintings depicted Roman soldiers and Greek temples and philosophers and were in support of the French Revolution whilst Romanticism drew emphasis on emotions and nature; it celebrated the sophisticated and the medieval time.Romanticism embraced the individuality of the catamount, who drew on fanciful thinking to paint earlier than adherence to rules and tradition like their Neoclassic counterp arts. Neoclassicism celebrated the French Revolut ion and industrialization, which Neoclassicists saw as enlightenment as there were new ancient findings and industrialization, which brought new knowledge. Artists excited by the Romantic period saw enlightenment as dehumanizing. They rebelled against conformity to societal norms to which Neoclassicists saw as being of great importance.Romanticism was more creative than Neoclassicism; it sought to draw on spirituality and emotion, as Romanticists believed that not all questions could be answered by rationality but rather by irrationality. Neoclassical painters stressed draftsmanship with lines and symmetry which is emblematical of living in spite of appearance the lines of conformity, they also used vivid color contrast with light and dark with no visible brushstrokes to draw interest to the primary(prenominal) focus of the art piece. However, Romanticism used rich color, and a painterly technique with no distinct lines and visible brushstrokes in their works.Subjects depicted in Neoclassical art were from Roman and Greek history whilst Romantic artists subjects were legends, ghosts, witches, violence and nature. The role of Neoclassicism was to morally stir as depicted in The gadfly of Horatii in which men were strong and trustworthy to France, whilst Romanticism sought to create a dramatic effect that would posit the attestator away as seen in An Avalanche in the Alps in which the avalanche is so magnificent and terrifying at the same time.When examining famous paintings from both aesthetical periods: Neoclassicism and Romanticism, Neoclassicist Jacques-Louis David, The Oath of the Horatii and Romanticist Joseph Mallord William Turner, The buckle down Ship are some of the most renowned paintings of their respective eras. The Oath of Horatii depicts a scene in which three brothers take swords from their father. The men are dressed in red, white and blue that represented the color in of France. This was thought to inspire patriotism, as it was s ymbolic of the brothers fighting for the ripe of country.In contrast to the theme of patriotism and the fight for the greater good of all, the slave Ship sought to inspire anti-slavery efforts and the fight for human kind versus country as in the Neoclassical period. The Oath of Horatii can be viewed as celebrating the Industrial Revolution as it inspired the French to fight for economic progress whilst The Slave Ship revolted against Industrialization, which it viewed as the exploitation of slaves and human labor for economic growth.Another feature was the use of color; in The Oath of Horatii, the compass is dark compared to the vivid colors of the foreground, allowing the focus to be on the brothers hence reinforcing the theme of loyalty and patriotism. The brushstrokes are controlled and there are distinct lines, which is seen in the position in which the men stand, point their swords. Lines are symbolic of conformity, which can be viewed as staying between the lines. In The S lave Ship, brushstrokes are soft, colors are bright as seen in the deep red sunset and are blended in so there in no distinct lines.The symbolisation of the lack of lines represents man’s freedom to choose and his individuality. The use of color draws anxiety to the background rather than the foreground, which makes the thrash the main focus point. Human nature is also explored in The Oath of Horatii; the human pick up to stand strong in the face of adversity is depicted by the men in the painting, all of who raise their reach to their father in support of the fight unlike the women who seemed fearful and crouched over in distress. In The Slave Ship, nature depicted does not refer to human nature but simply, nature.Neoclassicism used humans as their subjects and Romanticism used nature as their subjects. The rough sea and the majestic sky are the main focus in this artwork, which celebrates nature and shows how powerful nature is as the dead slaves are visible in the wat er along with nature’s creatures that are feeding on human carcass. The Oath of Horatii is symbolic of Neoclassicism as it depicts patriotism, one-dimensional painting technique, use of light and dark colors and human nature, which are characteristic of this era.The Slave Ship is representative of the style of Romanticism; it depicts revolt against industrialization, nature, use of painter techniques and bright colors. Romanticism influenced the future art world by leaving its bequest behind and for others to engage and lead to new artistic styles. It stimulated the birth of many art schools such as the Norwich civilise of Landscape Painting, which was the first provincial arts body to hold exhibitions in Britain during the 19th century. Famous artists from this school included bathroom Crome who was famous for his paintings depicting sceneries of Norfolk.Another school influenced by the Romantic art style was the St Ives take aim of Art in England which flourished in th e twentieth century with its paintings being displayed today at the best art museums in the world such as the British Art Museum. St Ives School of Art later became renowned for its fleece sculptures and paintings that led to the development of modern art including new wave art that pushed the boundaries of ethnical norms. Romanticism can be see as influential to the development of caravan as it began as a passing from norms of society.Famous artists from this school included Barbara Hepworth and Ben Nicholson who were renowned their abstract art and cement sculptures. Romanticism calls for the artist to be creative and not follow the classics. Marcel Duchamp, Fountain 1917 in which he exhibits a ready made urinal as a piece of art can be seen as being influenced by Romanticism as it asks for the artist to be creative. Hence we can see Avant-Garde and Dadaism being influence by Romanticism . Whether artists chose to embrace past styles or deviate from them, either way they are i nfluenced by them.Both Neoclassicism and Romanticism were popular art styles in the 18th and early 19th century, with Romanticism occurring during the later years. Neoclassicism drew inspiration from Roman and Greek culture and embraced the classics sequence Romanticism drew inspiration from emotions, nature and the historical period of medievalism. Romanticism grew out of contempt for the basic foundation of the Neoclassical era as Romantics felt that the Age of Enlightenment suppressed our creativity and put down us, despite their contrasting views, we can see the influence of Neoclassicism on Romanticism.\r\n'

'An Analysis of 13 Days\r'

'Professor O’Neill Atlantic installations II April 16th 2010 Characterizing the initiative valet de chambre War as an epidemic of miscalculation, chairwoman John F. Kennedy pondered, â€Å"they somehow seemed to tumble into fightfare … through stupidity, individual idiosyncrasies, mis arrangements, and personal complexes of lower post and distinguishedeur” (49). Reflecting upon these miscalculations, Robert F. Kennedy’s thirteen years documents the Cuban Missile Crisis and catalogues the chairman’s contemplative accomplishment amidst potential disaster.Considering the misjudgment that set conflict in the early 20th century, and the socio-techno sensible effigy translation of war, electric chair Kennedy found remedy in the maintenance of kick in channels of external dialogue, while regarding the outside(a) domino effect of to separately one challenge, and exhibiting unending skepticism in pursuit of a serenityful solution. Ge rman sociologist Max weber wrote of the Great War, â€Å"this war, with all its ghastliness, is nevertheless grand and wonderful. It is worth experiencing” (EP 768).Embellishing the heroism of war, Weber reflects a common acceptance of war in the early twentieth century as one of sport and necessity. However, with the development of atomic ordnance store came a paradigm shift concerning war and its manipulation amid international powers. Ack at presentledging the ruinous potential of thermo atomic warfare, Kennedy adamantly declared, â€Å"We were non going to misjudge or take exception the other side needlessly, or sharply push our adversaries into a course of follow up that was non intended” (75).Using diachronic source as his guide, chairwoman Kennedy acts upon the belief that war is rarely intentional, while also recognizing the evolving high-octane of war as one of an arms struggle. The application of this lesson exists in Kennedy’s resolution to utilize isolate as impertinent to armed conflict at the Soviets labor union’s initial threat. Foreign ships give orders to retreat would be afforded such an opportunity, every vessel refusing to offend would nurse its rudders handicapped to avoid loss of life, and ships non be to the Soviet Union were the irst and exactly to be boarded, as to not incite a military response. Executing such action demonstrates the President’s clear understanding of past misjudgment, and the paradigm shift that now characterized war as something not of sport, tho of mass destruction. Robert Kennedy reaffirms such in declaring, â€Å"If we erred, we erred not only for ourselves and our country, moreover for the lives of those who had never been habituated an opportunity to play a role” (81). This statement epitomizes the overwhelming burden of thermonuclear war, and the cognizance necessary to avoid it.Vital to the evasion of miscalculation and the development o f a shared understanding were open channels of communication during the Cuban Crisis. President Kennedy recognized the grandeur of consistent communication to evade brainish action, and promote logically sound decision-making. much(prenominal) an example exists in Robert Kennedy’s Thirteen old age in which Soviet president Khrushchev and President Kennedy mass meeting messages outlining the guidelines towards self-possessed resolution. We essential not succumb to petty passions, or to transient things, besides should realize that if and so war should break out, then it would not be in our power to stop it, for such is the logic of war” (66). state by Khrushchev in pursuit of vulgar amity, such communication demonstrates the importance of pellucidity and transparency under desperate circumstances. This address further exhibits information of the warped character of warfare, and acknowledges history’s wrongdoings that provoked destruction.President Ke nnedy cerebrate deliberations in stating, â€Å"the effect of such a settlement on easing cosmos tensions would enable us to work towards a more general arrangement … the unite States is very much interested in reducing tensions and halting the arms execute” (79). The clear and concise nature of this exchange pass ons praise to the diplomatic nature of Kennedy’s tactics, providing both the unify States and Soviet Union with the opportunity to lastly avoid nuclear holocaust. The snowball effect exhibited through the First World War demonstrates the danger of stunting into conflict through allied duty and diplomatic stupidity.President Kennedy’s ability to tactfully neutralize the Cuban Crisis demonstrates an awareness of that danger, and an grasp for the international domino effect that warfare would generate between nations. Strongly stated by Robert Kennedy, â€Å"we had to be aware of this debt instrument at all times, aware that we were deci sion making for the United States, the Soviet Union, NATO, and for all of manhood” (75). Such concern for the orbiculate replication of warfare can be spy in President Kennedy’s eonian scrutiny of military recommendations and their effect upon the coarse(a) western hemisphere.Seeking alternative solutions to war as well as the approval of global powers, Robert Kennedy further states, â€Å"we were able to establish a firm legal foundation for our action under the OAS charter, and our position around the solid ground was … unanimously supported for a quarantine” (40). This diplomatic strategy, founded upon the support of strong European and American allies, aided the United States in considering the implications of all possible courses of action as to suss out a promise of peace for themselves and the global community.A final strategy, central to the diplomatic gladness of the Cuban Missile Crisis, refers to the shaping and success of Kennedy†™s Executive committee of the National Security Council. While each proposed solution held inherent weaknesses, this committee would stop for constant deliberation, argument, and debate. The ability to scrutinize each proposal reinforced a well-founded decision-making process, thereby diminishing the risk of the spontaneous miscalculation or misjudgment that had prompted war only decades earlier.Embodying the significance of the Executive Committee, Robert Kennedy declares, â€Å"everyone had an equal opportunity to express himself and to be fall upond directly. It was a tremendously advantageous procedure that does not frequently occur within the decision maker branch” (36). Furthermore, President Kennedy is inform to have gone through â€Å"considerable lengths to ensure that he was not insulated from individuals or points of gull because of rank or position” (89).While such an arrangement seems idealistic, President Kennedy’s recognition of all avai lable viewpoints provided an extremely broad base of knowledge upon which to draw conclusions. It was this broad-minded and reasonable approach that was heavily lacking(p) prior to the Great Wars of the early twentieth century, thereby leading to global disasters that may have been averted under more logical circumstances. The measures taken by President Kennedy, as presented through Robert Kennedy’s Thirteen Days, lend overwhelming praise to his diplomatic triumph during the Cuban Missile Crisis.His success is reported as being founded upon the miscalculations of history, and a study of those past errors in pursuit of peaceful relations. However, the idealistic manner in which the President’s actions are portrayed paint a picture of both brotherly admiration and posthumous praise. Such a utopian unveiling only serves to diminish President Kennedy’s heroic role amidst the crisis, and leads the reader to nous how pivotal his leadership actually was. A per sonal memoir of Robert F. Kennedy, Thirteen Days must be read with a grain of salt to properly appreciate its validity as a diachronic record.While the President certainly acknowledged the socio-technological paradigm shift of modern warfare in addition to the stupidity from which the First World War emerged, Thirteen Days well-nigh obviously dismisses crucial events preceding the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Bay of Pigs Invasion, an unsuccessful search by American-trained Cuban refugees to overthrow the government activity of Fidel Castro, completely contradicts President Kennedy’s speculate cognizance of the dangers of nuclear war and spontaneous military action.The failed invasion, initiated only three months afterward President Kennedy’s inauguration, humiliated the formation and made communist nations distrustful of the United States. In addition, John F. Kennedy is consistently praised passim his brother’s memoir for have the viewpoints of not just government administrators, but regular people. For example, â€Å"he wanted the advice of his console officers, but he also … wished to hear from Tommy Thompson” (89). However, not once throughout Kennedy’s memoir does he mention address to field of battle soldiers or their names.The generic denominate of Tommy Thompson reduces the author’s faith in such sources, and President Kennedy is even shown to fling military figures in stating, they â€Å"lacked the ability to find beyond the limited military field” (90). Such evidence cannot be lose in determining the validity of President Kennedy’s success, and reduces the objectivity of this historical source. However, the ultimate success of President Kennedy’s historical reflections and peace-seeking measures cannot be denied.While Thirteen Days nearly emits audible applause for his actions, it accurately reports the measures taken to subdue the Cuban Missile Crisis, the durabilit y of quarantine and the importance of bargaining and communication. These actions, prompted through the establishment of the Executive Committee, resulted in the remotion of nuclear arms from Cuba and the reestablishment of the global status quo. Rescuing our nation on the brink of nuclear war, the reader has no choice but to close Thirteen Days with a deeper admiration for the courage and wisdom of President Kennedy.\r\n'

'How Does Arthur Miller Use the Theme of Dreams to Convey the Hopes and Disappointments of Other Characters?\r'

'The piece of ambitiousnesss plays a really important part in ‘Death of a Salesman’. They consist of ‘the American hallucination’, day pipe hallucinations and hopes for succeeding. Willy Loman was the primary(prenominal) victim in this play as he remainder up losing his liveliness by assay to hand the ‘American Dream’. Although, this reverie was the main land for Willy’s ahead of time wipe verboten, this wasn’t something that he treasured to do; it was the fancy that the American society wanted him to do. This dream is kn own as ‘The American Dream’ and it played an important mapping in disap indicateing the dispositions of Willy’s family.In the absolute majority of the play, Willy Loman is seen to be following the American Dream. The American Dream is the idea that every one and only(a) can do victorful, enough and popular in America, scarce this is mainly based on luck. Willy Loman tri es to achieve this, breathedly seeking this artificial ecstasy that was set by America solely ended with his life being interpreted away. Throughout the entire play, Willy Loman was chasing this false dream that was given to him by the society touch him, entirely he neer wanted to do this.He wanted to live in the country and support himself in the majuscule outdoors, â€Å"Me and my boys in those grand outdoors” (Act 2), however this never worked out because of the American society, which do Willy for get down about his align dream and obligate him to spend his entire life chasing ‘the American Dream’ which in the end, brought him to an earlyish death. A nonher theme of dreams that Arthur Miller utilise was ‘hopes and emulations’. Willy’s flashbacks link to this theme as he has keep mum not achieved his dreaming to become successful; instead, Willy used his flashbacks to dissemble in the past where his life was smiling(prenom inal) and pleasant.A perfect example of this was at the descent of the play where he said that his give-and-take, salt lick was not achieving anything with his life, but then, he devolve into a flashback where lagger was popular in school and was adored by everyone more or less him. Willy keeps on reminiscing this time because it shows that he was essay to use the past to cheer himself up when he was going through a hopeless time in the present. Hopes and ambition are very important because it showed that Willy ‘hoped’ to be well-liked which was the reason for him becoming a salesman because he thinking this was the shell railway line for an American.This theme links to the American Dream because Willy thought that being a salesman would make him rich and successful as it was the ‘ beat out job’, but it didn’t, instead it was dictating and playing with his life. He told his two sons that, â€Å"Uncle Charley is liked, but not well-likedâ €. The reason for this was to prove to Biff and Happy that he was important to other people, but in Willy’s mind, he knew he would never be able to match the direct of success of his buddy, Ben and Charley achieved, instead Willy was living chthonic their shadow leading him into another disappoint workforcet.The American Dream makes the Loman family very acquisitive, they think that buy the newest technology on the market is the best way of showing that they are rich and successful, for example, they bought a new refrigerator because â€Å"it had the best ads on them”. This carriold age of buying spree led the Lomans into severe debt and was one of the main sources to Willy’s death as he tried to pay off the debt by overcomeing himself in the end.Arthur Miller overly uses the name ‘Happy’ for the use of derision because the grammatical case is getting no positionual fulfilment from his work or life. â€Å"My own apartment, a car, pl enty of women. And still, goddammit, I’m lonely”, this shows that levelheadeds cannot fill his soul thusly his bliss is limited. Arthur Miller added this type of character into the play because it shows us that the American Dream is not what we think it is, it is in fact added to show that money cannot buy happiness which is why Happy is lonely, leaving him queer with his life.However, Arthur Miller portrays Willy Loman as the main tragic hero because the American Dream has both mentally and physically destroyed Willy, causing his death at the end of the play. His infantile fixation with success led him to his breaking point; all his ideas and views were twisted by the American Dream. For example, when Willy was playing cards with Charley, he unbroken on daydreaming about his brother Ben and how much of a great success he had become, Willy almost felt desirous of him because of that.The fact that he could’ve shared the wealthiness with him if he had gone o n the voyage alike leaves Willy distraught. During the life of Willy Loman, he was seen as the tragic hero who could not gather the standards of the American Dream. In fact, he was so focused on achieving success; he failed to notice the love his family was showing him. Willy was so severely in debt, he had to deplete himself to provide money for his family from his life insurance. This shows that the American Dream can make a normal human being kill themselves just to gain a fiddling money.Arthur Miller also shows signs of hope in some parts of the play,” Sure, certain men just don’t get started till late in life. same(p) Thomas Edison, or B. F Goodrich. angiotensin converting enzyme of them was deaf. I’ll put my money on Biff”. Willy still has some sort of ‘hope’ that his older son, Biff, can still become a successful businessman. This credit put Willy under a push-down storage of pressure which eventually lead to his death because h is son had multiple failures throughout the play. He died with a false belief that his son would become famous and well-liked (like he was) but we all knew this was never going to happen.There is also another theme used by Arthur Miller in ‘Death of a Salesman’ and it is ‘Dreams versus Reality’. The Lomans could not pick out the difference between what was a dream and what was reality; Willy suffered from this theory the most because he always dreamed that his two sons would be very successful in the future, but we knew this was never going to happen because Biff was still unemployed at the age of thirty-four and Happy hated his colleagues at work who were always one beat ahead of him.This caused disappointments to them both in the end because they knew that Willy would never let them achieve their true dream which was to work in the outdoors, instead, they were forced to follow Willy’s false dream which was to pursue the success of a salesman. Will y Loman’s situation as a character is supposed to make the audience feel sorry for him because he is very hard-working and obstinate and yet, still cannot achieve any success. The American Dream has made him into a stand in failure.The author of the play tells the audience that the American Dream is a lie and not everyone can achieve a good amount of success just from hard work, instead, it requires a certain amount of acquisition and intellect to become successful and in this play, it is shown that Willy does not have any scientific discipline or intellect which is why he cannot achieve the American Dream. The theme of dreams is very important ‘Death of a Salesman’ as they affect every character whether it is a daydream, the American Dream or one’s hopes.\r\n'

'Oman Crude Oil Futures Contract Essay\r'

'1. change: Dubai Mercantile Exchange\r\n2. Trading building block: 1,000 U.S. lays (42,000 gallons)\r\n3. rack Value: The dilute value shall be the choke-place gag law Price multiplied by atomic turning 53 thousand (1,000) multiplied by the number of flummoxs to be delivered\r\n4. Price Quotation: U.S. dollars and cents per barrel\r\n5. Trading Symbol: OQD\r\n6. Trading Hours : electronic trading is open from 16:00 CST/CDT Sundays and from 17:00 CST/CDT Monday to Thursday and closes at 16:15 CST/CDT the next day, Monday to Friday. 7. Trading calendar months: The current social class and the next five years leave alone be listed. 8. Minimum Price mutant: $0.01 (1) per barrel ($10.00 per contract)\r\n9. Daily answer: A daily OSP settlement set testament be published as at 16:30 Singapore clip. This value represents the weighted average terms of trades in the nearby Contract month betwixt 1625 and 1630 (Singapore). The DME lead also publish an closure of tradin g day settlement hurt for all listed Contract Months, determined as at 13:30 CST/CDT, which coincides with the balance of the trading day for NYMEX Light honeyed Crude Oil.\r\nThis latter settlement worth is utilize by the Clearing suffer to calculate daily variation circumference on all open DME Contracts. 10. Final elimination Price: The Final Settlement Price for a Contract Month shall be the OSP settlement wrong on the last Trading solar day of the Contract Month. This determine represents the weighted average expense of trades in the nearby Contract Month between 1615 and 1630 Singapore Time. The Final Settlement Price get out be used for purposes of margins for pitch shot of the Oil. 11. Last Trading Day\r\nTrading in the nearby Contract Month shall cease on the last Trading Day of the second month preceding the Delivery Month. 12. Settlement showcase :Physical\r\n13. Delivery: F.O.B at the onus Port, consistent with current terminal operations. established de livery rules and provisions atomic number 18 little in Chapter 10 of the rulebook. 14. Governing virtue: English Law\r\nThe hereafter cost always foregathers towards the line price. From the formula side, succeeding(a) quote F=S0 (1+(r+a)T), S0 is the blemish quote, r is the post rate for the future months, a is the salute of carrying. As it comes closer to the delivery day, T sustains smaller. On the former(a) hand, the direct up of entrepot and the interests of loans reduce as time goes by. Therefore, S0(r+a)T decreases. When it is the delivery day, which means that T equals to 0, S0(r+a)T =0, and the future quote F=S0.\r\nOn the other side, there are always dissimilar opinions for investors. For the sensitive vegetable anele futures contract, if an airline club wants to buy a large tote up of crude oil at a fixed price in the future, it will currently buy crude oil futures to hedge the risk of fluctuation of oil price. Mean sequence, there may be many specula tors who expect that the oil price in the future will go crop up, thereof they will currently remove crude oil futures. Due to massive speculations in the futures market, the futures price and spot price become similar as time goes by.\r\nFor example, on 11/13/2012, I exchange 10 contracts of 6-month crude oil futures, which will be delivered on 5/13/2013, and the spot price is 103.14 $/ barrel. Suppose the interest rate for 6 months is 2%, and cost of carrying is 1% of spot price, The nominal measurement of 10 contracts is 10000 $. The price of the futures should be F=103.14(1+(1%+2%)*0.5)=104.69$. If the futures settlement price traded on the market today is cxv$, the quantity that should be delivered is Q=10000/cxv=86.96 barrels. 1. I need to borrow 103.14* 86.96=8968.70$ for 6 months.\r\n2. Buy 86.96 barrels crude oil. 3. workshop the oil for 6 months, cost of storage is 8968.70*1%*0.5= 44.84$ 4. After 6 months, I deliver the oil at one hundred fifteen$/ barrel and receiv e 10000$. And I pay loan interest, which is 8968.70 (1+2%*0.5)=9058.38$ 5. The trade is 10000-44.84-9058.38=896.77$, which is a gain.\r\nIn this case, I count on that the futures price is higher than spot price, and speculators are willing to buy be asset, and sell futures contract in order to trade name profits. As a result, the spot price will go up while the futures price will go down. Finally, the futures price will converge to the spot price of underlying asset.\r\nWhen the futures price is lower than spot price, and speculators will buy futures contract, and sell underlying asset in order to make profits. In this way, As a result, the spot price will go down while the futures price will go up, and finally the futures price will converge to the spot price of underlying asset.\r\n'

'Gambling Pros and Cons and Stages\r'

'Gambling is maven of the legion(predicate) things that people do. A deal out of people c both no problem in drama and others whitethorn see contrary. Gambling has umpteen different motility and effects on certain people and different phases of mortalateting at that place. Some people may jump the better effects, and well-nigh may get the not so good effects from it. Gambling doesn’t always ripe affect the soulfulness doing it, but may affect the people around them. in that location atomic number 18 many pros but more cons to shimmer. spate may simply go gamble entirely for a night out, others do it on a level(p) basis.The ones that may do it on regular basis, build their own bearing around it. getting into gambling may be caused from stress, greed, and mental wellness problems. Depression is a big one. When depressed gambling can lift up someone’s mood, especi tout ensembley if he or she is lovable all the time. When winning all the time a pe rson becomes greedier with their property than before. Some just don’t know when to snap. Some people waste their winnings on trying to win more when they should’ve just walked away. Other people use gambling when he or she is stressed out about money.They hypothesise they win one time thither freeing to win many more, and money problems will disappear. From many stories shared around nigh likely that win’t be the case more problems just uprise to occur. The effects from gambling can be something little to something big. thither are many deleterious effects such as, debt, family issues, pathway to other crimes, end irritabilitying ones job, and most likely a high emergence in alcohol and drug use. In a theatre of operations conducted by the United States, 2. 5 million adults engender from gambling addiction, where 15 million people are under the risk of getting this addiction.Many people who gull this addiction go out and gamble their life savings, risking that they faculty bear it all. Bill money gets spent, and that when one starts to get in debt. Gambling also increase the issues in a household. Increase of child abuse, and disregard often occur. He or she might mislay a 5,000 dollar bet and take the anger out on the children at home. Many gamblers stop caring about everyone around them, and only designate about themselves. There are different stages to having the gambling addiction. The beginning s ones â€Å"winning” stage. One once in a while gambles, gets a big win, and then starts making higher(prenominal) bets. Next the â€Å"losing” phase hits. Some may lose time from work, start borrowing money from others, and start becoming in debt, because of that winning streak. Next the â€Å" hopelessness” phase. When one is in a panic from all the money lost, and the beginning of doing illegal crimes to get money will begin. Finally, the â€Å"hopelessness” phase hits. Now there is nothing le ft and suicidal thoughts run threw some people head.The debt is too much to handle and they smell out nothing they can do will get them in a stable environment. This is also when in a marriage a divorce might happen, and everyone that was once there, may not be there anymore. Gambling is a horrible addiction. This addiction may be treatable, as long as the person wants to be treated. Gambling effects a lot more than just one person. It affects everyone around. A winning streak may just be a fluke, taking way too far and recrudesce one’s life and many more. There can be many pros and cons to gambling, but in the end the cons takes over.\r\n'

'Different Between Adaptive and Rational Expectation\r'

'Working Paper n matchless 00-01-01 Are indemnity Rules break down than the Discretionary st outrankgy in mainland China? pile P. C everyplace C. James Hueng and Ruey Yau Are form _or_ system of government Rules Better than the Discretionary corpse in Taiwan? James Peery Cover division of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies University of aluminum Ph iodin and solitary(pre titular)(a): 205-348-8977 facsimile machine: 205-348-0590 telecommunicate: [email protected] ua. edu C. James Hueng part of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies University of Alabama Phone: 205-348-8971 facsimile machine: 205-348-0590 Email: [email protected] ua. edu and Ruey Yau sectionalization of Economics Fu-Jen Catholic University Taiwan Phone: 619-534-8904 Fax: 619-534-7040 Email: [email protected] csd. edu Cor serveence to: C. James Hueng Department of Economics, Finance, and Legal Studies University of Alabama, Box 870224 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487 Phone: 205-348-8971 Fax: 205-348-0 590 Email: [email protected] ua. edu Are Policy Rules Better than the Discretionary System in Taiwan? solicit This publisher investigates whether the key commit of Taiwan would confound had a frequently(pre titulary) than prospered fiscal polity during the period 1971:1 to 1997:4 if it had followed an best harness earlier than the discretionary policies that were actu altogethery employed.The incurup examines the manipulation of two several(predicate) peckersâ€the discount ordinate and the fiscal establishâ€with several different tail ends †harvest- clip of noun phrase output, pretension, the substitute locate, and the money increase. The expirations show that near of the runs considered would non affirm signifi stacktly reformd the performance of the Chinese thrift. The just incur that is clearly advantageous is one that mugs pretentiousness objet dart development the amour consider actor. Keywords: fiscal insuranc e constitution run, sm solely open thrift, energetic programming JEL classification: E52, F41 1.Introduction How well has the Central bound of Taiwan apply fiscal polity during the past three decades? With the exception of two swellingary episodes during periods of oil- harm shocks (1973-1974 and 1979-1981), as far as flash is pull in-to doe with, the historic videotape notifys that fiscal indemnity in Taiwan has been precise successful. Figure 1 shows that during some new(prenominal) periods the respect of fanf atomic number 18 in Taiwan typic whollyy has been relatively low, around always being between 2% and 7% per year. entirely could the Central Bank of Taiwan acquire performed a good deal better than it actu exclusivelyy did?That is, could it establish achieved a overth words and less inconsistent judge of lump at little or no salute in terms of lost output? Beca commit minute financial form _or_ agreement of government has been discreti onary, quite than swinishd on a formal overlook, in that respect is a shore of macroeconomic surmise that suggests the firmness to this question moldiness be yes. If the structure of the Formosan economy is such(prenominal)(prenominal) that an unexpected increase in the straddle of pomposity ca intakes output to increase, thusly insurance makers meet an inducing to increase swelling. This implies that a discretionary financial form _or_ system of government pull up stakes have an pretensionary bias [Kydland and Prescott (1977) and Barro (1986)].The existence of this inflationary bias makes it difficult for insurance insurance insurance makers to disdain expected inflation without first earning a write up for hurt stability. If the scarcely way to earn this study is through actually achieving low inflation, then the toll of reducing inflation is a signifi send packingt want of output. A issue to this reputation or believability problem is for the fisc al government agency to follow an straightforward formal detect that eliminates its discretion to inflate. It therefore follows that a fiscal constitution implemented according to a practice will achieve lower inflation than a discretionary fiscal polity.For example, Judd and multi-colour (1991, 1992, 1993) and McCallum (1988) have examined the empirical gracefulties of nominal feedback sways and find that the expend of wide feedback rules could have produced price stability for the unite States over the past several decades without signifi cig bettly increasing the irritability of historic(a) output. 1 This subject examines whether the commutation vernacular of Taiwan would have had a more successful financial insurance insurance if it had followed an explicit rule rather than the discretionary policies it actually implemented.Of the rules considered here, solitary(prenominal) one yields some(prenominal) an output disagreement and an inflation variance appreciably lower than those actually receivedized by the Chinese economy. Hence this makeup concludes that the discretionary policies implemented by the primeval chamfer of Taiwan were very shutting to being best. Svensson (1998) divides proposed rules for financial constitution into two ample groups, factor rules and maneuvering rules. performer rules require that the ab headmaster swear adjust its insurance peter in playnt to recreations between the actual and desired appreciate of one or more inconstants being rear terminate by the fiscal authority.Examples of this type of rule argon those proposed by some(prenominal)(prenominal) Taylor (1993) and McCallum (1988). A rule that requires the Fed to deck up the federal official funds aim (its cats-pawal roleate of financial policy) whenever the reaping enjoin of nominal gross domestic product is unexpectedly senior luxuriously school (the ramble of issue of nominal GDP being the intent variab le) regardless of new(prenominal) teaching gettable to the Fed is an example of an official document rule. hardly because musical instrument rules do non use all schooling available to the fiscal authority, as shown by both Friedman (1975) and Svensson (1998), they argon inferior to pecuniary policy rules that do use all available information.If a monetary policy rule minimizes a specified spil shut upe do up plot of ground allowing the monetary authority to use all available information, then Svensson (1998) calls it a natesing rule. If the monetary authority is following a channelizeing rule, then it will respond to all information in a manner that minimizes its personnel casualty move. The loss theatrical role formalizes how of import the monetary authority believes ar asides of its diverse guide variables from their optimum set. The policy rule is derived from the optimal solution of the high-power programming problem that minimizes the loss role subj ect to the structure of the economy.The resulting rule expresses the g speechth of the policy instrument as a constituent of the mold variables in the bewilder. That is, the policy instrument responds non simply to the target variables that also to all other variables in the sample. Hence a targeting rule would not 2 always require the Fed to raise the federal funds value when the g pathth number of nominal GDP is unexpectedly high because other information might imply that the relatively high regulate of ripening of nominal GDP is the result of an increase in the reaping step of real GDP (rather than an increase in inflation).Although there appears to be a growing consensus that price stability should be the central long-run objective of monetary policy, there are still continuing debates about the proper selection of the policy instrument and the best target variables. But clearly the choice of the best policy instrument and the best target(s) is an empirical issue. Furthermore, the best choices can vary from country to country because the ascendencylability of any exceptional policy instrument and the effectiveness of each target most likely vary across countries.Therefore, this opus examines two different policy instruments and several targets to explore for the best policy rule for Taiwan. The rest of this publisher is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the instrument and the targets of monetary policy that this paper considers. Section 3 describes the system employ to derive the policy rules and conduct the modelings. Section 4 describes the selective information and familiarizes the simulation results, while Section 5 offers some conclusions. 2. meanss and indicates of financial Policies In discussing how monetary policy should be implemented it is helpful to draw a istinction between the instruments and the targets of monetary policy. The targets of monetary policy are those macroeconomic variables that the monetary aut hority ultimately desires to influence through its policy actions [Friedman, 1975]. For this argue Svensson (1998) prefers to call target variables only those variables that are essential enough to be include in the monetary authoritys loss function. The targets of monetary policy therefore are a way to formalize the overall objectives of a monetary authority.On the other hand, the instrument of monetary policy is the variable that the monetary authority chooses to control for the usance of meeting its overall objectives, i. e. minimizing its loss function. 3 fiscal policy instruments basically fall into two categories: the monetary base and short-term affair place. Proponents of using the monetary base as the instrument of monetary policy argue that the base is the variable that determines the collect aim of prices, and therefore is a natural instrument for the control of inflation [McCallum (1988)].But most central coasts, including the central bank of Taiwan, use a short -term invade rate as their instrument of monetary policy. Proponents of an interest rate instrument point out that it insulates the economy against derangement in the demand for money, that interest rates are a part of the transmission channel of monetary policy, and that no useful purpose is served by all-encompassing fluctuations in interest rates [Kohn (1994)]. This paper plays simulation results using both types of instruments. The results support the central bank of Taiwans decision to use an interest rate instrument.This paper examines four target variables: a monetary aggregate, the convert rate, nominal income and the rate of inflation. 1 The targeting of a monetary aggregate often is advocated by those who believe that occupancy cycles intumescently result from adjustments in the growth rate of a monetary aggregate [Warburton (1966), M. Friedman (1960)]. Another close for choosing a monetary aggregate as the target variable for monetary policy is its ability to ser ve as a nominal anchor that can prevent policies from allowing inflation to increase to an unacceptable level.Although this allows a monetary aggregate to communicate long-run policy objectives to the world-wide familiar, as Friedman (1975) points out, it is by its very temper an inferior choice as a target variable because the monetary authority is only concerned with monetary aggregates to the extent that it provides them with information about inflation and output growth. 2 1 Recent For a more complete discussion about different target variables, con Mishkin (1999). That is, monetary aggregates are talk terms targets rather than true targets of monetary policy. Friedman (1975) shows that the use of mediate targets is not optimal. Although Svenssons (1998) idea of using forecasts of the target variable as a synthetic intermediate target is implicit in Friedmans (1975) discussion. 4 instability in the velocity of money for the time being has ended any possibility that a monet ary aggregate will be use as a target for monetary policy in the joined States. McKinnon (1984) and Williamson and Miller (1987) argue that monetary policy should target the give-and-take rate in an open economy.For example, the supercede rate has been the sole or main target in most of the EMS countries. Pegging the domestic currency to a strong currency prevents changes in the exchange rate from having an effect on the domestic price level. But exchange rate targeting results in the loss of an item-by-item monetary policy. The targeting country cannot respond to domestic shocks that are independent of those hitting the anchor country because exchange rate targeting requires that its interest rate be nigh linked to that in the anchor country.McCallum (1988) suggests a nominal GDP targeting rule because of its close relationship with the price level. The nominal GDP target has intrinsic draw when instability in velocity makes a monetary target unreliable. As long as the growth rate of real GDP is predictable, there is a predictable relationship between nominal GDP and the price level. However, recent studies on the time series properties of real GDP raise questions about the predictability of real GDP.If real GDP does not grow at a perpetual rate, then a constant growth rate for nominal GDP does not guarantee a stable price level. lately there has been a great upsurge of interest in cover inflation targeting, a policy that has been adopted by the central banks of New Zealand, Canada, the United Kingdom, Sweden, Finland, Australia, and Spain. Although this policy has been implemented with apparent success in the above countries, there are theoretical concerns with inflation targeting.One problem with inflation targeting is that the effect of monetary policy actions on the price level occurs with considerably more delay than its effects on financial variables. The use of a financial variable such as monetary aggregates or exchange rates as the target wou ld provide an earlier signal to the public that policy has deviated from its goals. In addition, starts by the central 5 banks to achieve a pre rigid path for prices may cause large movements in real GDP, except only if the price level is sticky in the short run.But the apparent success of inflation targeting, where it has been essay, suggests that these concerns are misplaced. 3 Also, because the effect of monetary policy on long-term trends in output and employment is directly considered to be negligible, many economists are now advocating that monetary authorities should use only inflation (or the price level) as the sole target for monetary policy. agree to this view the main contribution that monetary policy can make to the trend in real output is to create an environment where markets are not distorted by high and volatile inflation.The central bank of Taiwan appears to have accepted this position. It has repeatedly stated that its number one priority is price stability and the reaction function imaged by Shen and Hakes (1995) confirms that it has behaved as if price stability is an important policy goal. So what combination of policy instrument and target variable would result in the best rule for monetary policy in Taiwan? Would the adoption of such a rule have improved Formosan monetary policy during the past three decades?To answer these questions this paper experiments over two policy instruments (monetary base and interest rate) and four target variables (the rate of inflation, the growth rate of nominal GDP, the growth rate of the monetary base, and the change in exchange rate) in an attempt to find what would have been the best targeting rule for Taiwan during the period 1971:1-1997:4. The diachronic performance of the Taiwanese economy is then compared with the performance predicted by the â€Å"best” targeting rule to evaluate how good Taiwanese monetary policy has been.This comparison is made by comparing the volatility of th e relevant variables resulting from the proposed rules with those from the historical data. 3 A attentive reading of Friedman (1975) and Svensson (1998) also suggests that these concerns are misplaced. 6 Although, as noted above, by their very nature targeting rules are superior to instrument rules. Hence this paper emphasizes targeting rules. But just how much better targeting rules are than instrument rules is an empirical question of some practical vastness because instrument rules are more transparent than targeting rules.Hence, for completeness, this paper also presents results for instrument rules using the rate of interest and the monetary base as instruments and the rate of inflation as the target variable. 3. The Model and Methodology 3. 1 The instrument rule An instrument rule adjusts the growth of the policy instrument in answer to asides between the actual and desired grade of the target variable. That is, ? It = ?? (? xt-1 †? xt-1*), (1) where It represents th e policy instrument, ? xt is the target variable, the superscript * denotes the target value desired by the central bank, and ? efines the proportion of a target miss to which the central bank chooses to respond. In this paper, variables are expressed as deviations from their own means. Therefore, there is no cost in terms of inductive reasoning to repose the targeted growth rate desired by the central bank to zero. The economy is characterized by an open-economy VARX model which includes five variables: the growth rate4 of real income (? yt), the rate of inflation (? pt), the change in the logarithm of the exchange rate (? et), the growth rate of the monetary base (? mt), and the change in the interest rate (? rt).Since the purpose of this paper only requires a model that fits the Taiwanese economy well during the sample period, we use a ecumenic VARX model with a 4 Growth rates in the empirical work are work out by taking log-first differences. 7 maximum lag continuance of fo ur and adopt Hsiao’s (1981) method to determine the optimal lags for each variable. 5 Specifically, the general VARX model can be written as: ? Xt = A0 + A1? Xt-1 + A2? Xt-2 + A3? Xt-3 + A4? Xt-4 + i =0 ? ai ? I t ? i 4 + ? t, (2) where ? Xt is the 4? 1 transmitter that contains variables other than the growth of the policy instrument.The policy instrument has immediate effects on other variables if the 4? 1 vector a0 is not zero. For example, if the instrument is rt and the target is ? pt, then Xt = [ yt, pt, et, mt ] and equations (1) and (2) can be written as: ? rt = ? ?pt-1, ? Xt = A0 + A1? Xt-1 + A2? Xt-2 + A3? Xt-3 + A4? Xt-4 + (1)’ i =0 ? ai ? rt ? i 4 + ? t. (2)’ Previous studies such as Judd and alter (1991, 1992, 1993) and McCallum (1988) estimate equation (2) and assume that the economy instances the same set of shocks that actually occurred in the sample period.The estimated equation, the historical shocks, and the policy rule (1) are used to brin g the counterfactual data. Statistics calculated from the counterfactual data are then compared to the historical experiences. In these studies, the response parameter ? is indiscriminately set and the results from different ? ’s are compared. However, condition linearity of the model and the variance-covariance hyaloplasm of historical shocks, one can analytically solve for the value of ? that minimizes the variance of the inflation rates. Specifically, substituting (1) into (2) yields a VAR(5) in ?Xt. For convenience, the VAR(5) system can be written as a more compact expression: 5 We tried to adopt Balls (1998) open-economy Keynesian type model to Taiwan, but this model was not supported by the Taiwanese data. 8 ?Wt = B0 + B1? Wt-1 + ? t, (3) where Wt = [ Xt, Xt-1, Xt-2, Xt-3, Xt-4 ] and ? t = [? t, 0] are both 20? 1. Assume that ? Wt is stationary. Denote V? W as the variance-covariance matrix of ? Wt and V? the variance-covariance matrix of ?t. Equation (3) implies V? W = B1 V? W B1′ + V?. (4) apt(p) the regression results of (2), the variance of ? t is a function of ? only. Therefore, the value of ? that minimizes the variance of ? pt, given(p) historical shocks, can be calculated. The advantages of an instrument rule include its simplicity, hydrofoil to the public, and the fact that it is always operational. The central bank responds to discovered deviations from the target and does not need to base its policy actions on forecasts that require fellowship of the structure of the economy. However, as noted above, instrument rules are not optimal in the sense that they do not use all available information.The policy instrument only responds to the target variables, which is normally inefficient compared to rules that allow the instrument to respond to all the variables in the model. The following section uses an optimal control problem to derive the optimal policy rule, instead of specifying the rule in advance. 3. 2 The targeting rule A targeting rule is derived from the minimization of a loss function. This loss function reflects the policymaker’s desired path for the target variable. A commonly used one is a quadratic loss function which penalizes deviations of the target variable from its target value.The policymaker’s optimisation problem can be lick with the knowledge of the dynamics of the economic structure, which is equation (2). That is, equation (2) is used as the constraints in the dynamic programming problem. To simplify analysis, equation (2) is written as a first- exhibition system, Zt = b + B Zt-1 + C ? It + ? t, (5) 9 where Zt = [? Xt, ? Xt-1, ? Xt-2, ? Xt-3, ? It, ? It-1, ? It-2, ? It-3]. The constant vector b is 20? 1, B is 20? 20, C is 20? 1, ? t is 20? 1, and their arguments should be obvious. Therefore, the central banks control problem is to minimize a menstruation of expected quadratic loss function: T 1 E0 ?Zt ‘ K Zt, T t =1 (6) subject to Zt = b + B Zt-1 + C ? It + ? t, (5) where the mind-set E0 is conditional on the initial condition Z0. Again, without loss of generality, the target value is set to zero since all the variables are expressed as deviations from mean. The fragments in the matrix K are weights that represent how important to the central bank are deviations of the target variables from their target values. For example, if the central bank wants to target the inflation rates, then the [2,2] element of K is 1 and the other elements are all zeros.The loss function is equivalent to (1/T) E0 ?t =1? pt 2 . T If the central bank wants to target the nominal GDP, then the 2? 2 block on the upper left loge of K is a unity matrix and the other elements are all zeros. The loss function in this racing shell is (1/T) E0 ?t =1(? yt + ? pt ) 2 . T instanter the problem is to choose the policy instrument ? I1, . . . , ? IT that minimizes (6), given the initial condition Z0. By using Bellmans (1957) method of dynamic programming the problem is solved backward. That is, the last period T is solved first, given the initial condition ZT-1.Having found the optimal IT, we solve the two-period problem for the last two periods by choosing the optimal IT-1, contingent on the initial condition ZT-2, and so on. Letting T > ? , the optimal policy rule can be expressed as [see cream puff (1975, ch. 8) for derivation details]: ? It = G Zt-1 + f , with (7) 10 G = -(C ‘ HC) ? 1 (C ‘ HB), f = -(C ‘ HC) ?1 C ‘ (Hb-h), H = K + (B+CG) ‘ H (B+CG), and h =[I-(B+CG) ‘ ] ?1 [- (B+CG) ‘ Hb]. The rule defines the policy instrument as a function of the predetermined variables in the model. The economy is assumed to face the same set of shocks that actually occurred in the historical period.Therefore, the estimated equations, the policy rule, and the historical shocks are used to generate the counterfactual data. The resulting statistics are compared. Even though it is usually more efficient to let the in strument respond to all the relevant variables than to let it respond only to the target variables, the ad hoc instrument rules are more widely discussed in the literature. The reason for the preference for simple instrument rules may be that the targeting rule is more sensitive to model preconditions. For example, the assumption of full information is generally maintained for the computation of an optimal rule.This tends to make the targeting rule less robust to model specification errors than are the simple instrument rules. In addition, the optimal rule may require larger adjustments of the instrument because it responds to more variables. This would in turn yield unsought higher volatility of the other variables such as output growth. Therefore, again, the choice between the instrument rule and the targeting rule cannot be determined by theory alone and is an empirical issue. 4. Empirical Results 4. 1 info This paper uses Taiwanese national quarterly time series data for the period 1971:11997:4.The sample starts in 1971:1 because of data availability. both data are taken from two databanks: the depicted object Income Accounts Quarterly and the financial Statistical Databank. 11 The rediscount rate is used as rt because it indicates the policy intentions of the central Bank of Taiwan most directly. The monetary base mt is defined as the reserve money. The exchange rate target is the NT/US dollar rate. The variable yt is real GDP in millions of 1991 NT dollars, and pt is defined as the GDP deflators. object interest rates, all variables are in logarithms. All variables are in first-difference form and expressed as deviations from their means.The Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) test is used to ensure that the variables are transformed into stationary processes6. The top row of tabularize 1 presents the historical regularised deviations of the variables in the model in order to allow comparison with the values obtained from the simulations. 4. 2 Estima tion results under instrument rules impanel A in Table 1 presents the normal deviations obtained using an instrument rule with inflation as the target variable. The first row of Panel A presents simulation results under an interest rate instrument, while the second row presents results under a monetary base instrument.The simulations using an interest rate instrument yielded standard deviations for output growth, the change in the exchange rate, and money growth that are only some higher than those for the historical data, while the standard deviation of inflation is pretty lower than its historical value. The only standard deviation in the first row of Panel A that differs substantially from the historical data is that for the change in the interest rate, which is much lower in the simulation.These results indicate that actual policy in Taiwan achieved results almost as good as those that would have been obtained under an optimal interest-rate instrument rule with the 6 The lag lengths in the ADF regressions are determined by the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Schwartzs (1978) criterion. The maximum length is set to 12. A time trend is included in the yt, pt, and mt regressions. All results indicate that the original time series are integrated of order one. The results of the tests are available from the authors upon request. 12 xception that the optimal rule would have yielded a more stable rate of interest. The simulation using the monetary base as the instrument yielded slightly higher standard deviations for all variables except the rate of inflation. Those for output growth, the change in the exchange rate, and the rate of interest were only slightly higher than the historical values, while the standard deviation of the growth rate of the monetary base was much higher than its historical value. The standard deviation of the inflation rate is slightly lower than the historical value but is higher than that in the interest rate instrument ru le.These results suggest that the discretionary policy implemented in Taiwan was superior to an optimal monetary base instrument rule. They also indicate that an instrument rule using the rate of interest would have been superior to one employing the monetary base as instrument, though not by a large margin. 4. 3 Estimation results under targeting rules Panel B of Table 1 presents standard deviations of the variables under the various targeting rules considered here. The first four rows of Panel B present results obtained using an interest rate instrument.In the first row of Panel B the standard deviation of nominal GDP is minimized; in the second row the standard deviation of inflation is minimized; and so on The last three rows of Panel B present results under a monetary base instrument. signalise that for both instruments, if nominal GDP is the target, then the standard deviations of all variables are higher than their historical values. This implies that the growth rate of nom inal GDP would not have been a suitable target variable for Taiwan. Furthermore, brand that for all targets under the monetary base instrument the standard deviation of output growth is much higher than its historical value.This effectively rules out status of the monetary base as the instrument of monetary policy under a targeting rule for Taiwan. Now notice from the fourth row of Panel B that if the monetary base is the target under an interest rate instrument, the standard deviations of output growth and inflation are both higher 13 than their historical values. This effectively rules out the use of the monetary base as an appropriate target for monetary policy in Taiwan. Finally, by comparing rows â€Å"? pt designate” and â€Å"? t Target” of Panel B, one sees that if the rate of inflation is the target, then the standard deviations of output growth and inflation are lower than if the exchange rate is the target. Also, if inflation is the target, the standard d eviations from the simulations for inflation and output are lower than their historical values. Hence it is concluded that Taiwanese monetary policy would have been better than its historical performance if it had used an optimal targeting rule with the rate of interest as instrument and inflation as the target. 5. Conclusion Taiwan has been very successful in using discretionary monetary policies.This paper attempts to see whether there exist policy rules that can improve the Taiwanese economy for the past several decades. This paper evaluates several monetary policy rules using Taiwanese quarterly data from 1971:1 to 1997:4. Two types of policy rules are examined. agent rules adjust the growth of the policy instrument in response to deviations between the actual and desired values of the target variable. Unlike those in the previous studies where arbitrary instrument rules are proposed, this paper solves analytically for the optimal instrument rules that minimize the standard dev iation of the rate of inflation.Targeting rules are derived from the solution to the dynamic programming problem that minimizes a loss function subject to the structure of the economy. The rule expresses the growth of the policy instrument as a function of all the predetermined variables in the model. Two policy instruments (interest rate and monetary base) and four targets variables (nominal GDP growth, inflation rate, changes in exchange rates, and money growth rate) are examined in the paper. Simulations of a simple VARX model and the policy rules suggest that, 14 ompared to the historical policy, the use of a policy rule in Taiwan would not have reduced substantially the volatility of inflation rate. The only policy rule that would appeal to the authority is the direct inflation targeting rule with the interest rate as the instrument. This rule would have reduced the standard deviation of the inflation rate in Taiwan by 0. 7% while maintained similar volatility of the other vari ables to those in the historical data. 15 References Ball, L. (1998), â€Å"Policy Rules for Open Economies,” NBER Working Paper 6760. Barro, Robert J. (1986). Recent Developments in the Theory of Rules Versus Discretion,” The Economic journal Supplement, 23-37. Bellman, R. E. (1957), Dynamic programming, Princeton, N. J. : Princeton University Press. Chow, G. C. (1975), summary and Control of Dynamic Economic System, John Wiley & Sons Press. Friedman, gum benzoin (1975), â€Å"Rules Targets, and Indicators of financial Policy,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 1, 443-73. Friedman, Milton (1960), A Program for Monetary Stability. Fordham University Press, New York. Hsiao, C. (1981), â€Å"Autoregressive modelling and money-income causality detection,” Journal of Monetary Economics, 7, 85-106.Judd, J. P. and B. Motley (1991), â€Å"Nominal feedback rules for monetary policy,” federal halt Bank of San Francisco Economic Review (Summer), 3-17. Judd, J. P. and B. Motley (1992), â€Å"Controlling inflation with an interest rate instrument,” national Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review 3, 3-22. Judd, J. P. and B. Motley (1993), â€Å"Using a nominal GDP rule to guide discretionary monetary policy,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Review 3, 3-11. Kohn, D. L. (1994), â€Å"Monetary aggregates targeting in a low-Inflation economyâ€Discussion,” in J. C.Fuhrer, ed. , Goals, Guidelines, and Constraints Facing Monetary Policymakers, 130135. Federal Reserve Bank of Boston. Kydland, F. E. and Prescott, E. C. (1977), â€Å"Rule rather than discretion: The inconsistency of optimal plans,” Journal of political Economy 85, 473-491. McCallum, B. T. (1988), â€Å"Robustness properties of a rule for monetary policy,” CarnegieRochester Conference Series on Public Policy 29, 173-204. 16 McKinnon, Ronald (1984). An International archetype for Monetary Stabilization, chapiter: nominate for International Economics. Mishkin, F. S. (1999). International experiences with different monetary policy regimes,” NBER Working Paper #6965. Schwartz, S. G. (1978), â€Å"Estimating the Dimension of a Model,” Annals of Statistics 6:461-464. Svensson, Lars E. O. (1998), â€Å"Inflation Targeting as a Monetary Policy Rule,” NBER Working Paper #6790. Shen, C. H. and Hakes, D. R. (1995), â€Å"Monetary policy as a decision-making hierarchy: The case of Taiwan,” Journal of Macroeconomics 17, 357-368. Taylor, John B. (1993). â€Å"Discretion versus Policy Rules in Practice,” Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, 39: 195:214.Warburton, Clark (1966), â€Å"Introduction,” Depression, inflation, and Monetary Policy: Selected Papers, 1945-1953. Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore. Williamson, John and Miller, Marcus (1987). Targets and Indicators, Washington: Institute for International Economics. 17 Table 1:Standard Deviations of the Variables (in Percentage) Output Growth ? yt Historical Data: false Data: (A) Instrument Rules: Interest Rate Instrument: ? pt Target Monetary tail Instrument: ? pt Target (B) Targeting Rules: Interest Rate Instrument: ? (yt + pt) Target ? pt Target ? et Target ? t Target Monetary Base Instrument: ? (yt + pt) Target ? pt Target ? et Target 5. 346 3. 862 3. 798 4. 964 1. 972 3. 449 2. 767 5. 950 2. 139 14. 63 27. 781 6. 794 0. 185 0. 198 0. 159 4. 348 2. 993 3. 047 4. 446 4. 314 2. 092 3. 064 6. 880 3. 076 2. 469 2. 361 2. 771 5. 421 4. 473 4. 281 4. 058 0. 485 0. clxxv 0. 332 0. 431 -2. 38 3. 308 2. 748 2. 718 6. 540 0. 178 3. 185 Inflation Rate ? pt 2. 793 transmit in Exchange rate ? et 2. 415 Monetary Base Growth ? mt 4. 315 Change in interest rate ? rt 0. 162 Optimal ? : 0. 0133 3. 201 2. 633 2. 601 4. 454 0. 035The sample period is from 1971:1 to 1997:4. The variable ? yt is real GDP growth rate, ? pt is inflation rate, ? et is change in exchange rates, ? mt is monetar y base growth rate, and ? rt is change in interest rates. All data are from the National Income Accounts Quarterly and the Financial Statistical Databank data banks. The response parameter ? in the instrument rules defines the proportion of a target miss to which the central bank chooses to respond. 18 Figure 1 Inflation Rate (annual rate %) 70 60 Inflation Rate (% per year) 50 40 30 20 10 0 -10 70 74 78 82 twelvemonth 86 90 94 98 19\r\n'

'Multinational Corporations (MNC’s) Essay\r'

'Introduction\r\nWhat is a Multinational gage (MNC’s)?\r\nMultinational companies atomic number 18 firms with their home metrical unit in one nation and operations in more other nations. Most of these in truth immense firms relieve oneself in third word countries or development countries where they could manufacture the same identical product for very low be comp ard to establishing the same firm in the western countries producing that product.\r\nAlthough transnational corporations (TNC’s) ar commonly opinion to be synonymous with MNC’s they are infact una alike(p) in several regards. The primary defining agent is that they keep their financial headquarters offshore to cherish them from taxes. Ideally MNC’s are one which are global operating across b shapes with no individual national emphasis. The first transnational, appearing in 1602, was the Dutch East India Company.\r\nA key concern with regards to MNC’s is their mobile nature. L ogically they establish subsidiaries in countries where conditions are most favorable to their business operations.\r\nVery grownup multinationals consent budgets that exceed those of many countries. Countries oft draw out incentive to MNC, such as tax breaks or lax surroundingsal standards, in order to appeal MNC into their country. They throne be seen as a causation in global politics.\r\nMNC’s are of the essence(p) vehicle for the movement of figure unusual investment. With postulate foreign investment, a firm in the country creates or expands a subsidiary in another(prenominal) by means of the utilise of international capital flows.\r\nCompanies such as Reebok, Nike, Mcdonalds, DeBeers, Enron, Coca-Cola, Pepsi, Toyota, Colgate, Cadbury are almost of the multinational companies.\r\nText.\r\n compulsive Aspects of Multinational slew in an prudence\r\n-Creating agonistic Environment †Competition is not destructive; it has compelled multinational corp orations to provide the world with an immense diversity of high-quality and low-priced products. Competition, given free trade, de go throughrs mutually beneficial gains from transfer and sparks the col painsative effort of all nations to produce commodities efficiently. As a consequence, competition improves world welfare piece of music d international ampereening the spirit of nationalism and, olibanum, promoting world peace.\r\n-Boasting the Economy †There is evidence, which was supplied by World Bank and join Nations that multinational corporations are a key component part in the round improvement in welfare that has occurred in underdeveloped countries oer the last cardinal years. These firms rent buildings and land, or sometimes buy them thus generating higher incomes for the owners. In 1998, 75% of foreign direct investment went to developed countries. Besides, labor monetary values all do not determine where multinational corporations base their affiliates; other variables-such as political stability, infrastructure, education levels, afterlife market potential, taxes, and governmental regulations-are more decisive and a boaster in the economy.\r\n-Help to reduce poverty †They basis bring money into a country through economic consumption and investment. Three quarters of international investment in ontogeny countries is from MNCs and private sources. They create jobs, rig labour standards as in their absence, the people would have had fewer or much lower paying(a) jobs. For instance in Bangladesh, Mexico, Shanghai, Indonesia, Vietnam, and elsewhere figures show that multinationals really pay what economists call a â€Å"wage trisolelye,” that is, an mean(a) wage that exceeds the going rate in the field of operation where they are located. Affiliates of some U.S. multinationals pay a premium over local wages that ranges from 40 to ampere-second percent.\r\n-Welfare Activities Carried Out †MNC overly organizes charitable funds for the welfare of the people of the countries where they are located. For example after the tsunami Schlumberger a rise up know MNC agreed to support iv children’s activity centers that now are universe administered by the two charitable trusts. Each testament accommodate 50 to 100 children who will contact nutrition, counseling, and education.\r\n-Spillover †This is a very good effect on developing economies; this refers to the fact that domestic firms learn productivity-enhancing techniques from foreign corporations with get out technology and management practices. Production workers often learn better techniques while employed by foreign firms. Managers may learn about better practices by observing, or by having previously worked at multinationals themselves. And increased competition pushes all companies in an stadium where multinationals are operating to become more productive.\r\n-Reliability & Awareness †When a product is associa ted with an MNC it is estimateed to be a good quality product and genuine as these firms follow the same standards and procedures to manufacture it wherever they are, which goes with their thanksgiving and reputation all over the world. For instance a burger at Mcdonalds will taste the same in Paris or India. This reliability helps the consumers to distinguish in the midst of the MNC product and local product thus creating awareness.\r\n-No voice to external Debts for Developing Countries †If the investment does not do well, the multinational corporations may lose their investment and the developing country does not receive the aforementioned benefits, but the developing country owes no restitution. As a result, multinational corporation investments do not extend to the external debt problems of developing countries.\r\nNegative Aspects of Multinational Corporation in an Economy.\r\nIncidents such as the improper use in the Third World of baby take out formula manufacture d by Nestle, the gas outflow from a Union Carbide plant in Bhopal, India, and the alleged involvement of foreign firms in the overthrow of ch tenorwoman Allende of Chile have been used to perpetuate the ill-favoured image of MNCs. The fact that some MNCs command assets expense more than the national income of their host countries also reinforces their dreaded image. And indeed, on that point is evidence that some MNCs have pay bribes to government officials in order to get nearly obstacles erected against pull inable operations of their enterprises. Here are some negative dazes on the economy:\r\n-Exploitation of Labor †This bath be proved by examples like companies like Reebok, Nike have exploited the labor in Indonesia. Workers live in deteriorating, leaky, mosquito †infested apartments and only earn a mere(prenominal) 39$ a month for producing g-forces of products worth well over 100$ each.\r\nThey encourage child labor as in poor countries where population is emergent poverty is everywhere and children cannot afford to study are employed by these big firms thus jeopardizing their wellness and future. For instance in India one of the gem crude industries DeBeers employed six-year-old children at work on grave polishing wheels, people living and sleeping at their workplaces, and trash, human feces and industry waste clog up the open sewers that run between the warren of precious stone workshops. In one factory almost one-half the workers were under-age. As diamonds are ground, fine dust enters and infects the lungs. rhombus cutting is among the top 10 hazardous and the employment of children under 15 is banned. However, the number of children employed in recent years has been rapidly expanding.\r\n-Polluting the Environment †most MNC’s are also responsible for polluting the environment like throwing industrial waste in rivers, polluting the air and so forth We had a very serious look in India the Bhopal Gas Tragedy where in over 40 tons of deadly methyl isocyanate, atomic number 1 cyanide and other gases leaked from a hazardously intentional pesticide factory in Bhopal owned by US based multinational Union Carbide Corporation. Over 500,000 men, women and children were opened to the poison clouds and at least six thousand people died within the first week of the disaster. The authoritative death toll is well over 16,000. Hundreds of thousands of survivors widen to suffer from multi-systemic injuries.\r\n-Harming Domestic Investment †By pumping in foreign investments it discourages domestic investments it is like the big weight eats the small fish in the ocean. local anesthetic products suffers and this intern discourages domestic investments\r\n-Monopolistic Power †Due to a large share in the economy they can exploit the countries on the basis of this like make problems in aspects of human rights, economic fragility, corruption etc.\r\n-Human Rights Violations †Due to havi ng substantial amount of power it allows them to intimately find cheap labor in large quantities as a result the workers are undefendable to hazardous conditions, over exertion and overall are subject to abuse of capital -owners.\r\n-Corruption †MNC can slowly get their work done like acquiring a licence for manufacturing products which may cause return to the environment or people by Bribing the officials and also exploit the government due to their stake in the economy thus encouraging corruption. Like the Enron declare oneself raised controversy for a number of reasons: there was no competitive bidding for the project. The project costs and power tariffs were higher than other power projects and the cost of electricity from Enron would be higher than before. The Maharashtra Electricity come along promised to buy all the high priced power produced by Enron even if cheaper power was available. No environmental impact assessment has been done. Natural gas is 90% methane, which is 20 times more damaging to the global humour than CO2. Each well produces thousands of tons of toxic bore mud that contains arsenic, lead, and radium that severely affects the health of people.\r\nConclusion.\r\n ascertain the positions (in favor or against) of nation-states towards MNCs is a bit complex and not always logical. Generally developed countries usually favor MNCs as it allows firms to make more profit with cheaper labor.\r\nWith developing countries the stance is not very decipherable usually they will favor this in order to boost the economy and infrastructure. Thus delegates must consider many complex economic factors that would help beg off whether it is in their favor to support or discriminate multinational corporations based on whether that particular developing nation has comparative advantage or not.\r\n'

'Anne Sexton Literary Essay\r'

'Anne sacristan transforms the well-kat oncen fairytale ampere-second White into a sardonic piece of writing that reflects societal perceptions of the char. In her poem she explores the imagination that a woman is aught more than a doll, something that sits pretty on a shelf for all told to admire. She also describes the reliance on custody, and how women are becoming dependent and incompetent. She counteracts this with a women’s intelligence compared to her beauty and vanity, and what a woman should be. She explores the idea of beauty and vanity going hand in hand, meaning that even princesses can be vain. Fairytales aren’t real, and they are overrated- happily ever after does not exist, especially for those who aren’t bonny.\r\nAll fairytales extradite a female antagonist, and one that is usually a princess. bamboozle White is sexualized as the virgin.\r\nGood Day Mama, and turf out for the thrust of the unicorn.\r\nShe is unsoiled.\r\nShe is as white as a bonefish. (9-13)\r\nThis text explains that she innocent and untouched. All that matters to a prince is that she is pulchritudinous and a virgin. A brand new doll with porcelain skin and glassy eyeball.\r\ncheeks as fragile as cigarette paper,\r\narms and legs made of Limoges,\r\nlips like Vin Du Rhône,\r\nrolling her china-blue doll eyes\r\nopen and shut. (3-7)\r\n sexton compares Snow White to a doll because she is besides an object for ones admiration and love. She is to be pampered and taken fright of in return of sitting pretty on the shelf, to be admired. dish antenna and vanity play the bilaterally symmetrical coin in this poem, you can’t endure one without the other. The queen epitomizes vanity, when she asks the mirror who is the fairest of the land. When the reply is Snow White, she is outraged. Being the most charming person in the land is what the queen desires. She craves the attention because beauty is so valued, and Sexton makes that clear. If Snow White or the world-beater weren’t beautiful, would anyone ever notice them? Sexton says, â€Å"Beauty is a simple passion.”\r\nMeaning everyone desires beauty, so those who have it are more noticed. Because Snow White is beautiful, twain the prince and the dwarves value her. hardly with beauty comes vanity, and that is something that Sexton believes in. She believes women should be active and intelligent; beauty is just a façade that relieves women of reaching their full potential. If a woman is beautiful, she can be just as fortunate as a smart woman without doing all the work because she can rely on men. every man will want a beautiful wife that does not interfere with his matters. This is what the prince seeks, and finds when he locomote in love with Snow White provided for her beauty.\r\nHe stayed so long his hair dark green\r\nand still he would not leave.\r\nThe dwarfs took pity upon him\r\nand gave him the glass Snow Whiteâ€\r\nits doll’ s eyes shut foreverâ€\r\nto keep in his far-off castle.\r\nSexton believes all women should work to be smart, and beauty is no reason not to reach that. Snow White is unintelligent because she keeps opening the brink to the queen even when the dwarfs urge her not too. Her unintelligence is coupled to her reliance on a man because she ends up in the happily-ever-after position as the wife of a prince even though she did nought to deserve it. But what Sexton is trying to show us at the end of the poem that Snow White is now obsessed with herself and her status, and that she will one day be the queen that tries to kill the next young beauty. slowdown Snow White held court,\r\nrolling her china-blue doll eyes open and shut\r\nand sometimes referring to her mirror\r\nas women do.\r\nThe fairytale ending is fictional. The world isn’t Prince Charmings, beautiful princesses, and evil queens that always lose. ‘The End’ isn’t ever the end because it’s a cycle of innocence, beauty, vanity, and then ultimately envy. Beautiful women are nothing more than an item; they rely on men and are not intelligent. They are envious, and full of vanity. The meliorate women doesn’t exist, and there will never be a happily ever after.\r\n'

'Taxation Without Rep Dbq\r'

'Alex Dib AP fib September 24, 2012 Practice DBQ #1Question: To what extent was the demand for no gross without representation both the main(a) personnel department motivating the the Statesn revolutionary movement and a symbol for democracy? When the colonists came to the Americas, they did so to get past from the restrictive rule of England. Once they arrived, it took many eld for them to develop a sense of self-rule, and they cherished and appreciated every moment of it. However, that was all soon to change, as the side of meat got into state of wars with the French and Spanish.These three dominating European powers got into 4 major wars which would prove to be life-and-death for the formation of America as we know it today. With these wars, the English debt was mounting, and they didn’t catch the money to balance it out. So what’s the next best issue to impression money? Taxing other pot so they give you money, of course! When the English taxed the colon ies through non-homogeneous practices, the self-rule of the people was fading. They were doing the bidding for England, the same thing they vowed to get away from and never re turn back to.This is where the formulate â€Å"No gross without representation” comes into play. It would eventually turn out to be the greatest symbol for democracy, and the motif for the American Revolution. The French and Indian war was mayhap one of the most crucial and influential wars regarding the formation of America. The French provoked the war, in the British item of view, by building chains of forts limiting westerly expansion on the English colonies. People such(prenominal) as George Washington and General Edward Braddock went in with topical anesthetic militias to break up the French’s progress, only were forced to surrender.The Albany Plan of Union, as essential by Benjamin Franklin, was an idea that proposed the collection of taxes from the miscellaneous colonies to pro vide an intercolonial government and a system for recruiting troops for general defense. This theory was never enacted however, because each dependance was too stubborn and jealous of its suffer taxation powers. This plan did, however, set a precedent for a later, more revolutionary congress in the 1770’s. This war however, was eventually won by the British, who acquired Canada and Florida in the process.Resolved, that a most humble and dutiful Address be presented to his majesty, imploring his royal protection of his faithful subjects, for the people of this colony, in the enjoyment of all their natural and well-bred rights…” (A). The king had to do what he had to do in terms of protecting the colonies, as stated by the Resolution of the Virginia House of Burgesses. (However, it is not the specifics of the war that we ar interested in per say, this rather just provides a background for what was to come). All four of the wars fought by the English, specifical ly the last one, were not relatively cost efficient.Britain was in a major debt, and this is where things get tricky. â€Å"Small islands not capable of protecting themselves are the proper objects for kingdoms to fruit under their care…but it is evident that they get going to different systems. England to Europe: America to itself. ” (G) In this document, we look on the philosophical thinking of Thomas Paine. In this leave off from â€Å"Common Sense”, we observe that Paine believes that England performed its duty by defending the colonies, and shouldn’t burden further them for taxes to take a shit for their war.On top of the taxation, we see that England feels the rent to primary(prenominal)tain a permanent military force throughout the colonies to check the frontiers. King George III and parliament set forrad various acts that would prove to limit the colonies representative government. The scrape Act, also known as the revenue act, fixed ta xes/duties on foreign sugar and various luxuries. Its main project was to raise revenue for the crown, and to provide a strict enforcement against smuggling. Any accused of smuggling would bet a trial in court by â€Å"crown appointed judges” without a jury. They have undertaken to give and grant our money without our consent, though we have ever exercised an exclusive right to dispose of our own property…; for depriving us of the accustomed and inestimable let of trial by jury, in cases affecting both life and property. ” (F) This immediately limits the self-rule of the colonies, and would later change state one of the biggest topics of the Constitution. The Quartering Act required colonists to temporarily house British soldiers, and care to their every need during their stay.Many people were against this act, for it violated a person’s right to privacy within their household. Finally, the Stamp Act came about, which required that revenue stamps be pla ced on any legal document. This was the first time that taxes were cosmos directly taken from the people, rather than on the goods and from the merchants. aft(prenominal) the passing of this act, all hell breaks loose throughout the colonies. People gathered and protested, often violently, in which they destruct British imports, boycotted the purchase of certain products, and attacked the English in any way they knew how.The Sons and Daughters of Liberty was created, which was a private and violent organization which was used to intimidate and get at tax collectors. England was forced to repeal the Stamp Act, because of the dumbfounding loss of profit. â€Å"A right to impose an cozy tax on the colonies, without their consent for the single purpose of revenue, is denied… (C) Daniel Dulany, from the Considerations on the propriety of imposing taxes in the British Colonies, writes as to support the statement â€Å"No taxation without representation”.This phrase is , in a sense, the provenience of democracy; it is the foundations on which this nation stands today. One of the perfect human rights is the opportunity for self-rule, and it is now evident that America would not have been as successful as it is today without the protestors and boycotters and founding fathers that stood up for the colonies in clock of near overthrow. This phrase is without a doubt the primary force that motivated the American Revolution, and a usual symbol of democracy throughout the land.\r\n'