Anthro Exam Notes and Review

Biological Anthropology afterward part demonstrate how populations vary (biological variations hair color, blood type, and so forth ) that past populations find evolved that modern gentle populations are evolving and changing through time. Biological/ strong-arm Anthropology Foundations In offs ? recognition of variation, concern over how species came to be. Major query areas Paleontologys anthropology implicated with fossil hominids study of human evolution.Pharmacology belonging to same taxonomic commit as humans study of vying primates study of nonhuman primates. human Variation to describe and explain biological differences between various human populations. Biological study areas and specializations Molecular anthropology Astrology (study of skeletons) Paleontology Forensic anthropology 2. archaeology the study of the human past through material remains fix In the present. Dont do dinosaurs, few do pyramids, and fewer do quadruplet aliens. Basic Premise of archeo logy Material remains studied were created and deposited in the past, but are studied in the present.Surviving archaeological record is typically a pale reflection of what actually happened in the past. Pre diachronic Archeology 99% of human history is unrecorded before present historic archeology studies. Archeology today Trash In landfills Is usually a good representation of the state of the economy (poor economy less trash). supercilious 24. 2012 Applied Anthropology Work for non-academic clients, such as government agencies, community groups, and businesses. all told four sub-disciplines Cultural, Linguistic, Physical (Biological), Archaeology August 27, 2012 Research Ethics conscious ConsentEspecially when performed on human examples Medical look convey the subject mustiness be protected and aware of test What Is Who is sponsoring the research? Who can you call with questions? Personal safety and safety of the subjects Interpretation of info gathered Mimic categories e mploy by the race interviewed Ethic categories Used by ethnographer Research Process Formulating research questions Obtaining computer storageing Conducting the research visit the research Publishing the results Subject Position(s) of the Ethnographer(s) Country of origin Region, community severalize Race/EthnicityGender/Sexual orientation Age Life experience favorable Theories Current at the Time Research Conducted Interactions that occurred during fieldwork How the people being correspond choose to represent themselves to the ethnographer. How the ethnographer represents him or herself and interprets the interactions then and later. Historical Events Before and during the research Types of Studies Community studies Comparative studies Multi-sited (several research areas) Problem-oriented research Longitudinal research team research Theoretical Trends in Cultural Anthropology Historical ParticularisticIn the get together States Franz Boas = father of anthropology in the Uni ted States Focus on autochthonic Americans Describe heathenish artifacts, knowledge Assumption Indigenous cultures were disappearing in the face of modernity, so anthropologists needed to salvage that knowledge. Another important finishing argued that cultures are very complex and all comp hotshotnts off culture matter. poignancy Benedict Margaret Made 0 Patterns of culture, culture and personality Structural Functionalism veritable in Britain and France What are the functions of structures and how do they make everything work?Theory sakes outdoor(a) from the fact that night club can function organically and doesnt address what happens if the society is not functioning properly or is malfunctioning. Influenced a litter of ideas nearly religion and society. Bronchial Mammalians Polish, taught in Britain Credited as the person who came up with doing extensive field research for a year (living in the culture). developed out of fieldwork that it is not enough to tell the nativ es to come up to the dramaturgy and do interviews, but you must die hard with the people of a resolution and see what happens on a day-to-day basis to really understand the society.A. R. Radcliff-Brown Research in Africa Claude Levi-Strauss French Took Structural Functionalism and worked it with the mind Cultural growth and Cultural Ecology Concerns Adaptations to environments Historical Ecology says you cannot assume that things are organically created but you must consider people of the past. Leslie White, Julian Steward, etc. semi governmental Economy Concerns Power relations and social inequalities Pay attention to the relationships and violence differences within a extra society or culture. Stresses social inequalities found on class Influenced by the Marxist theoryCultural Interpretation and Reflexive Ethnographers Reflections most power relations involved in ethnographic research and writing. In particular, reflections about the role of the ethnographer in conductin g and writing up the research. Questions scientific claims to objectiveness and truth. The idea that you must be someone from outside of the culture to fail the culture because you will be more objective was questioned because what about the lecture or the subtle aspects of the culture that an outsider could not understand. Situates ethnography in history versus ethnographic present which made impersonations about groups.Early ethnographers were written in present tense. Present tense had a tendency to represent the cultures as unchanging. August 29, 2012 Paul Arabian (1977) 1968 0 12 years after Morocco had achieved independence from France Arabians Subject Position Research Process Richard Abraham (taught Arabian Arabic Arabian saw Abraham as a friend) All Meeker Milk part Modern, Post-colonial Feminist, Diaspora Studies, etc. Changes in the forms of modern society Accounts for disparities among countries and the historical legacies of European colonialism.Accounts for inequal ities ground on sex, gender, and race-ethnicity that were not sufficiently counted for by political economys. Tong Cathy A. Small (1997) Voyages from Tong Villages to American Suburbs History Smalls subject position Research process Key cultural consultants Other research methods Self-Reflexive Ethnography US Immigration Policy 1796 0 Free White Persons (men) ASSES O Slavery ends 1824/1924 0 National author Quota Laws 1965 0 Immigration and Nationality Act 1986 0 Immigration Reform and book Act Legal Permanent Residency Family Reunification 2005 of 1. Lion handy workers Investors Random lottery 2000 8 million applicants 1 10,000 selected 178 Tongs Refugees/political asylum cases Remittances is the money immigrants send back. Material wealth important for some aspects of life in Tong. Tong History 1500 B. C 0 Polynesians come to lessen 875 0 Stratified forelanddom Low chiefs Specialists Commoner farmers 1150 0 Lounge Tu Tong capital 1 575 0 4-tiered tomb September 5 Tong Kava Drinking Ceremonies people were arranged and served by their social status typically women do the armed service to men. Religion Original godsHouses (Supreme god) Loyola (rain, wind, agriculture, harvest) Maim (holding up the islands) 5 sea gods god for craftsmen At least 300 gods Soul gods Mischievous gods Celebrations Community celebrations and exchanges Ceremonial wealth (kola) Tap cloths and mats baskets of forage Blankets, cash, etc. Weddings and funerals First birthday, 21st birthday Tautology Special dancing performed by women could be difficult learn Kinship and Raising Children The Tong mien (nag factions) Respect (including tapes) Children could not touch top of fathers head Exchanges, obligations (gave)Outside/inside prognosis that cooking is outside of house and eating is separated from cooking. Kinship and Households let = head disciplinarian Brothers, childs Relationship becomes a lot more dress after puberty. Eldest brother, eldest sister High expectations mu st effect roles if a death occurs. Eldest sons futuristic privilege is that they inherit the land. Fathers sister Could have the children if she wanted very important role.Mothers family Adoption Contact with Europeans 1616, 1643 0 Dutch explorers asses 0 Captain James Cook (British) 1797 0 capital of the United Kingdom Mission Society (Boson) sass 0 Cargo ships, Whalers asses 0 Methodist Methodist missionaries Wars of Succession/Civil Wars and conflicts between chiefs 1834 0 Rising Chief converts 1845 0 Becomes King George I 1875 0 Some chiefs, land, taxes, etc. 1900 0 British Protectorate 1954 0 Independence Mourning period for a kings death is 10 days. Businesses are expected to be closed during the wail period.With the last kings death the mourning period was deck September 10 culture At least 365 different definitions Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and both there capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Taylo r 1871). expiration to be a member of a specific society Characteristics of conclusion Learned Keeping 2-3 feet of space between you and someone you dont know near was never a taught thing, but is learned implicitly by observation.Systems of emblematic Meanings Religious symbols (I. E. A cross) entail a lot of meaning people. farming teaches us how to express biological or natural urges in particular ways. What, when, and how to eat All-encompassing In other words, not restricted to eminent culture, fine arts, great literature, etc. All that relates to everyday life. Integrated various aspects of culture are interrelated, patterned systems. Social scientists focus a lot of attention on trying to determine various patterns and relationships.Changes in one aspect of culture usually entail changes in other aspects. use increasing numbers of women in the U. S working outside the fireside from the asses on. People use culture actively and creatively. Culture as a process vs.. A thing. Once you start thinking of culture as a process, change can take place. Various forms of knowledge and practice Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive with respect to the (natural and/or cultural) People raised with certain rules and norms, BUT Rules and norms vary according to subject positions of individuals.Gender, age, etc. They are subject to interpretation. They can be contested and changed. in that location are struggles within cultures (and among different groups of people) over the meanings of symbols, ideas, values, and practices. Ideals what people say they do or should do. Practices observed by members of that society (as well as anthropologists). Levels of more cultures have origins before nation-states were ever created. However, today International or transnational cultures Spread of global capitalism, commercialism.Many struggles over values and meanings. National cultures Subcultures (within nations) I. E. The South in the U. S. Has several distinguishing f actors. Region, ethnicity, language, class, religion, age, etc. Cultural Relativism Practices in one culture should not be Judged by the standards of another culture. Vs.. Ethnocentrism, Human Rights, Cultural Rights Analyzing Cultures Universities You must eat, you must sleep, etc. Generalities Common in many different cultures ParticularitiesSeptember 12 Rites of act Separation, Limitability, Incorporation Collective Limitability Community spirit, solidarity, effervescence (some) social hierarchies are temporarily suspended. Equivalent of Carnival in Brazil is Marci Grass in the United States. Religion Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, forces, and powers (Wallace 1966 5 cited in Cotta). Rituals Formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped, practices usually performed in special places at set times. Social acts, typically with groups participation, versus audience, religious/ lay Functions of ReligionPersonal or group transformations Through rituals and rites of passage Create a instinct of group unity Through shared practices (rituals and rites) Explain the mysterious quash anxiety, offer hope Help people cope with adversity Joy, fear, etc. Reduce or create anxiety Control nature and/or social worlds Achieve specific aims Provide moral codes (or values) Guide practices and beliefs start out regret, guilt, shame Produce the need for forgiveness Capotes in Southern Mexico and live in Cacao and use the economic system of Slaughter to fund economic practices.